Differences of age and education were predicted by the auditory and visual input scores. A 4 x 3 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant effect of age and education on a combined score comprising the 11 digit span scores. The slope of the regression line was small but significant. The increase in digit span scores reversed to a decrease with early adulthood. Digit span was measured through 11 scores of the Visual Aural Digit Span Test-Revised on aural or visual stimulation and oral or written response execution, thus allowing for the measurement of intra- and intersensory integration. Volunteer participants (n = 1183) were distributed over levels of age (13-98 years) and education (5-8, 9-11, and 12+ years). Serino A, Ciaramelli E, Di Santantonio A, Malagù S, Servadei F, Làdavas E (2006) Central executive system impairment in traumatic brain injury.The goal of this study is to demonstrate the age-related changes in multimodality digit span under a research design in which level of education is controlled. Neuropsychology 25:226–236Ĭarlesimo GA, Fadda L, Lorusso S, Caltagirone G (1994) Verbal and spatial memory spans in Alzheimer’s and multi-infarct dementia. Gagnon LG, Belleville S (2011) Working memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: contribution of forgetting and predictive value of complex span tasks. Müller NG, Knight RT (2006) The functional neuroanatomy of working memory: contributions of human brain lesion studies. Neuropsychologia 40:1737–1743Īwh E, Jonides J (2001) Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Ann Math Statist 12:91–96īaddeley AD, Wilson BA (2002) Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory. Wilks SS (1941) Determination of sample sizes for setting tolerance limits. In: Delafresnaye JF (ed) Brain mechanisms and learning. Hebb DO (1961) Distinctive features of learning in the higher animal. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Giunti Organizzazioni Speciali Editoreįolstein MF, Folstein SE, Mchugh PR (1975) “Mini-Mental State”. Orsini A, Laicardi C (1998) WAIS-R Contributo alla Taratura Italiana. The goal is to pass all tests at the Beginner Level, and then move to Expert Level when ready. Orsini A, Grossi D, Capitani E, Laiacona M, Papagno C, Vallar G (1987) Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children. This brain speed test measures cognitive processing speed and attention, with a focus on working memory capacity. Spinnler H, Tognoni G (1987) Standardizzazione e Taratura Italiana di Test Neuropsicologici. Mondini S, Mapelli D, Vestri A, Bisiacchi PS (2003) Esame Neuropsicologico Breve (ENB) Una batteria di test per lo screening neuropsicologico. Milner B (1971) Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man. Wechsler D (1939) The measurement of adult intelligence. In: Baddeley AD, Wilson BA, Watts F (eds) Handbook of memory disorders. Vallar G, Papagno C (1995) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11–53 In: Vallar G, Shallice T (eds) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Shallice T, Vallar G (1990) The impairment of auditory–verbal short-term storage. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd., Hoveīaddeley AD (1996) Exploring the central executive. Logie RH (1995) Visuo-spatial working memory. Q J Exp Psychol 60:497–504Ītkinson RC (1971) The control of short-term memory. Oxford University Press, Londonīaddeley AD, Larsen JD (2007) The phonological loop unmasked? A comment on the evidence for a “perceptual-gestural” alternative. We provide correction grids for age and literacy that derive from results of the regression analyses.īaddeley AD (1986) Working memory. The results show a decremental effect of age on performance in all tasks and an ameliorative effect of education in all tasks except the Corsi span backwards. Here, we report normative data on the forward and backward versions of the Digit span and Corsi span tasks that was collected from 362 healthy Italians ranging in age from 20 to 90 years. The backward versions of both tasks, in which sequences of items have to be reproduced in the reverse order, are believed to primarily tax Central Executive resources. the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad for verbal and visuo-spatial data, respectively). Forward versions of these tasks, in which sequences of items of increasing length have to be reproduced in the order they were presented, are believed to primarily evaluate the functioning of the working memory material-specific slave systems (i.e. The Digit span and Corsi span tasks are frequently used to assess verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory.
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